Three Unorthodox Recession Indicators and Their Applicability to the German Economy
Complaints on stagnation and recessionary impacts have constantly accompanied recent discussion and debate about Germany’s economy, both in its segments and various industries. More often than not, traditional indicators (which have recently turned out to be even gloomier than previously thought) have reflected these worries. The state of Germany’s economy is decisive of near future trends for several industries in the European Union, with networks such as the automotive and pharmaceutical being in the focus of economic monitoring. Events and decisions within the broader German economic sphere, be they positive or negative in terms on the consequences to bear, ripple through the European value chains, as well as the financial web, with Hungary – through trade and industrial links – being a prime example of the countries impacted.
Whilst the broader geopolitical and technological contexts hold several hypotheses and clues that are more straightforward on the reasons for such economic trends, it might be worth taking a brief look at the accompanying phenomena on the micro-level as well. Traditional indicators remain of primary consideration when it comes to evaluation and prognosis, however, some unconventional indicators in the realm of consumption habits might signal in advance, or confirm economic states and their changes too.
Unorthodox Recession Indicators
Throughout the past few decades of ever more intense consumption, especially in the Global North, both in terms of products and services, about a dozen peculiar trends have been identified. Through various direct and indirect cause-effect relationships – the sales of these have been in a more or less strong positive, and – in some cases – negative correlation with the overall movements in economic growth, including the downturns. In fact, some of the goods, the rate of their consumption and its changes have been proclaimed prognostic of recessions.
Without going into further detail on all the individual metrics, in Figure 1 below I have grouped indicator examples collected from the Federal Statistical Office of Germany, from the Money As If newsletter and page, as well as from several Google searches and less formal online sources. The classification of the indices ranges from traditional, through unorthodox, to highly unconventional, with the latter category remaining utmost speculative.
Figure 1: Recession indicators – own classification.
Despite empirical support, logical explanations, and plausible mechanisms sketched, reliable data on the trends of the unorthodox indicators remains difficult to collect, identify and/or compose at best, and scarce in the worse cases. In this blogpost, I analyze three of the more common and suitable unconventional recession indicators with regard to the apparently still ailing German economy.
Brief Comparisons
The lipstick index is a beauty industry specific expression of the observation that sales of affordable luxuries rise in economic downturns. As a proxy for the concrete lipstick sales (which were not available to the author), broader “market value of beauty and personal care” data has been used, expecting its negative relationship with GDP growth data.
The champagne index (or “bubble index”) on the other hand, is supposed to be an indicator of economic optimism, suggesting that higher levels of champagne consumption signal abundance and reasons for celebration. The challenge here lies in extracting Germany specific household consumer spending on champagne data from the data on alcoholic beverages in general. The sets accessed did not allow for such an option. Consumer spending on alcoholic beverages in general also includes the effects of alcoholism in difficult times, during the rise of unemployment, for instance (societally speaking). In terms of the problem of excessive alcohol consumption, Germany stands out from the more populous countries of the EU, with the highest per person average yearly amount, 10.6 litres. Therefore, the sign and strength of the relationship with GDP growth figures would have to be taken as preliminary information only, with caution, as regards the analysis.
The cardboard box indicator is supposed to signal economic performance positively, strongly representing the number of items purchased and shipped in cardboard boxes. No data has been found on cardboard box production in Germany directly, however, the import of related materials (such as paperboard) to the country may stand for a similar role in the processes.
Table 1 below encompasses 10 recent years, 2014 to 2023, a round number’s range chosen based on data availability for each of the three indicators (their proxies) selected. Despite the small dataset, we may observe how the lowest points of the cardboard box indicator substitute coincide with the greatest recent downturns in German GDP growth, in 2020 and 2023. Movements in the lipstick index substitute are more counterintuitive, with the hypothesis of the mechanism holding stronger in the very last year, 2023. As for the champagne index substitute, the steady rise appears to be minimally interrupted twice, just before the two years with negative GDP growth.
year |
Market value of beauty and personal care in Germany (in million euros) |
Private household consumer spending on alcoholic beverages in Germany (in million euros) |
Pulp, paper and paperboard imports to Germany (in million euros) |
GDP growth in Germany (%) |
2014 |
15,697 |
20,570.00 |
2,661 |
2.2 |
2015 |
15,996 |
24,230.00 |
2,933 |
1.7 |
2016 |
16,302 |
24,920.00 |
2,710 |
2.2 |
2017 |
16,540 |
25,440.00 |
2,824 |
2.8 |
2018 |
16,977 |
26,010.00 |
3,136 |
1.1 |
2019 |
14,046 |
26,690.00 |
2,759 |
1.0 |
2020 |
14,036 |
28,600.00 |
2,103 |
-4.1 |
2021 |
13,604 |
29,880.00 |
2,690 |
3.9 |
2022 |
14,333 |
30,520.00 |
3,378 |
1.8 |
2023 |
15,853 |
31,960.00 |
2,774 |
-0.9 |
Table 1: Three unorthodox recession indicators (substituted)
and their applicability to the German economy 2014-2023;
data sources (columns 2-5, respectively): Statista, Statista, Eurostat, and Eurostat.
The yearly movements of these three indicators (their broader substitutes in this case) have been illustrated for the German economy in the Figure 2 below as well. Although the mechanisms associated with these unconventional metrics cannot be confirmed based on this small set of data only, the highlights that have been made support their complementary or partial potential in forecasting.
Figure 2: The movements of the three unorthodox recession indicators (substituted), 2014-2023;
data sources: see Table 1.
To take a closer look at the fluctuations, the changes exclusively, Table 2 illustrates the corresponding values in percentages, for the years 2015 to 2023.
year |
Changes in the market value of beauty and personal care in Germany (%) |
Changes in private household consumer spending on alcoholic beverages in Germany (%) |
Changes in pulp, paper and paperboard imports to Germany (%) |
GDP growth in Germany (%) |
2015 |
1.90 |
17.79 |
10.22 |
1.7 |
2016 |
1.91 |
2.85 |
-7.60 |
2.2 |
2017 |
1.46 |
2.09 |
4.20 |
2.8 |
2018 |
2.64 |
2.24 |
11.04 |
1.1 |
2019 |
-17.26 |
2.61 |
-12.02 |
1.0 |
2020 |
-0.07 |
7.16 |
-23.79 |
-4.1 |
2021 |
-3.08 |
4.48 |
27.95 |
3.9 |
2022 |
5.36 |
2.14 |
25.56 |
1.8 |
2023 |
10.60 |
4.72 |
-17.86 |
-0.9 |
Table 2: Changes in the values of the three unorthodox recession indicators (2015-2023);
data sources: see Table 1; calculations: own.
These numbers – for the sake of a swift overview – are visualized accordingly in Figure 3 below.
Figure 3: Fluctuations of the three unorthodox recession indicators’ values, 2015-2023;
data sources: see Table 1.
Whilst the co-movement of the beauty industry values with GDP growth may be unjustified (based on the logic of the lipstick indicator), and alcoholic beverages follow the overall economy to a lesser extent than may have been expected, the way these trends follow each other is remarkably close. This may be – potentially, and in a very speculative approach – also due to various confounding effects, which neutralize each other in total.
In Summary
Whilst it is relatively difficult to access country- and concrete product-specific data for unconventional recession indicators (unless one has direct access to the industry- or even corporation-specific figures), their approximation with broader indices is relatively feasible. The broader proxies have not been confirmed to be reliable in the context of the German economy, but their analysis attempt has underscored the opportunity of using unorthodox recessionary indicators as complementary signals of macroeconomic changes.
This blogpost has just glimpsed at the movements of the respective numbers, but the coincidences highlighted should encourage economists to seek out mechanisms and signals at the peripheries of macroeconomic analysis, as these can broaden and enrich the discussion.
Zsófia Hajnal